A UNHCR Innovation Service research series (produced with the GSMA and supported by Luxembourg) mapping the legal and regulatory barriers that prevent refugees, asylum seekers and stateless persons from accessing mobile connectivity and digital financial services. The research focuses on an under-explored but significant barrier: ID-authentication requirements (linked to Know Your Customer and anti-money-laundering rules) mandating verified identity before obtaining a SIM, bank account or mobile-money wallet. The first study of its kind to systematically examine these intersecting challenges, it informs advocacy to harmonize requirements and advance refugees' digital and financial inclusion across multiple regions.